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CPU vs NPU, how the rise of AI and the NPU is changing the landscape of SBCs.

Artificial Intelligence isn’t just the future—it’s here now, changing how we work, and live. Behind this AI-powered transformation, processing power is everything. In fact, the Edge AI market is projected to hit $66.4 billion by 2030, driven by the demand for faster, more efficient computing. But as AI-driven tasks grow more complex, the choice between a Central Processing Unit (CPU) and a Neural Processing Unit (NPU) becomes critical. It’s more than a matter of speed; it’s about selecting the right tool for the right task. In this blog, we explore the impact of AI on SBCs and the significance of choosing between CPU and NPU based on individual requirements.

Choosing the Right Architecture for AI-Powered Projects

CPUs have been the powerhouse of computing for decades, known for their versatility and reliability. From powering basic tasks to handling intricate multitasking, the CPU’s role is indispensable. However, with AI’s demands growing, CPUs often find themselves outpaced in areas where sheer efficiency and specialised performance are needed.

Enter the NPU—a new generation of processors purpose-built for the data-hungry needs of AI. Unlike CPUs, which are generalists, NPUs are designed specifically for AI and machine learning tasks. They excel in handling deep learning, natural language processing, and image analysis. Tasks that would typically bottleneck a CPU become NPUs’ bread and butter. This specialisation means that NPUs can execute AI tasks faster and with less energy, making them a go-to for Edge AI devices and other demanding applications.

What is an NPU?

Powering these advancements is the NPU (Neural Processing Unit), a specialised hardware accelerator designed to accelerate AI tasks more efficiently than traditional CPUs and GPUs. NPUs excel at handling complex computations required by deep learning algorithms, making them perfect for tasks like natural language processing and image analysis.

The rise of AI and the increase in NPU.

The rise of AI has been rapid, with Edge AI devices and Generative AI tools becoming something that is quickly becoming the norm. According to a 2023 market analysis by Grand View Research, the Edge AI market is projected to reach $66.4 billion by 2030, driven by North America, which had a significant market share of 39.9% in 2022, and the Asia Pacific region, which was the fastest growing Edge AI market.

Edge AI Market Trends

Is there still a need for CPU power?

Without a doubt, yes, but it all depends on what you’re looking to achieve. While NPUs offer unparalleled efficiency for AI tasks, CPUs remain indispensable, depending on the application. We’ll take a look at six SBCs to help you discern whether a powerful NPU or CPU better suits your needs.

CPU vs. NPU: Key Differences to Consider

When comparing CPUs and NPUs, there’s no one-size-fits-all answer, and the right choice depends on the specifics of your project. Here’s a breakdown of how each architecture shines:

Versatility

  • CPU: Ideal for multitasking and varied workloads, CPUs are well-suited for applications that require a mix of computing tasks. They handle everything from running your operating system to complex calculations and offer a balanced performance for general computing needs.
  • NPU: Built specifically for AI tasks, NPUs are limited outside of AI and machine learning. However, they bring a level of efficiency and speed that CPUs struggle to match in these specialised areas.

Efficiency

  • CPU: While they’ve become faster and more efficient over time, CPUs require more energy to perform the same AI task as an NPU. This can be a drawback in applications where power usage is a concern.
  • NPU: Purpose-built for AI, NPUs are designed to handle large volumes of data in parallel, minimising energy use while maximising output. This makes them ideal for Edge AI and mobile applications where power efficiency is critical.

Scalability

  • CPU: With a long-established ecosystem, CPUs offer greater flexibility for developers, including access to a wide range of software tools and libraries. This makes scaling easier in general-purpose computing environments.
  • NPU: Scaling with NPUs can be more complex due to their specialisation. However, as demand for AI-driven applications grows, NPU ecosystems are also expanding, with more software and hardware support options emerging.

When to Choose a CPU Over an NPU—and Vice Versa

So, how do you know which one is right for your project? Here are some guidelines:

  • For general computing or multi-purpose applications, a CPU is likely the better choice. CPUs offer versatility that NPUs can’t match, especially in applications that don’t require heavy AI processing.
  • For AI-centric projects, like natural language processing, facial recognition, or real-time data analysis, NPUs will deliver better performance, efficiency, and scalability.
  • For hybrid tasks, consider systems that include both CPU and NPU options, offering flexibility and the best of both worlds.

Real-World Examples: How CPUs and NPUs Compete in Single Board Computers (SBCs)

Best AI-Optimised SBCs with NPUs

  • OKdo ROCK 5 AIO Edge AI Media Board (267-4908)  – The ROCK 5 AIO couples a 3 TOPS NPU with pre-integrated GStreamer, OpenCV and 91 models tested against the Rockchip SDK. Comes with Physico software to graphically drag n’ drop AI pipelines, configure on-board or external stream sources and route the resulting metadata to your applications.
  • NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin (253-9662) - This kit is all about making it easy for you to get started with the Jetson AGX Orin™ module. Compact size, tons of connectors, and up to 275 TOPS of AI performance make this developer kit ideal for developing the next generation of full-featured AI applications, such as advanced AI-powered robots and autonomous machines.
  • Beagleboard.org BeagleBone AI-64 (239-7123) - The BeagleBone AI-64 from BeagleBoard.org is a low-power, open-source computer based on the Texas Instruments TDA4VM processor, filling the gap between small SBCs and more powerful industrial computers. It’s ideal for automation in industrial, commercial, and home scenarios, the BeagleBone AI-64 will help you explore the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in everyday life.

Best Single-Board Computers with High-Performance CPUs

  • DEBIX Infinity (282-4028) - DEBIX Infinity Industrial Single Board Computer is an embedded board powered by the NXP i.MX 8M Plus Quad Lite. It’s designed for versatile applications such as smart robots, Industry 4.0, edge computing, gateways, IoT, and security. With a robust quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 at 1.6 GHz and a dedicated Cortex-M7 at 800 MHz for real-time operations.
  • Raspberry Pi 5 - Raspberry Pi 5 is built using the RP1 I/O controller and features the Broadcom BCM2712 quad-core Arm Cortex A76 processor @ 2.4GHz.
  • Beagleboard.org BeagleV Ahead (268-6957) - This innovative SBC is based on TH1520, a quad-core 64-bit RISC-V SoC from T-Head, and it’s taking the RISC-V ecosystem to the next level by offering accessibility, performance, and flexibility like never before.

Single-Board Computer with Both High-Performance CPU and NPU for Ultimate Versatility

  • ROCK 5 Model A (257-3561) - ROCK 5A is a credit-card sized Single Board Computer (SBC) packed with class‑leading functionality, incredible features, and expansion options. If you require an extremely highly specified platform with outstanding performance and reliability in a compact form factor, then the ROCK 5A is an ideal choice. Comprising of the reliable Rockchip RK3588S SoC, Octa-core processor with quad Cortex A76 and a quad Cortex A55 based on Arm® DynamIQ™ configuration it also offers a powerful 6TOPS NPU ideal for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning applications.

Summary: Choose the Processor That Powers Your Goals

The race between CPUs and NPUs isn’t about which is better—it’s about what’s better for you. If your work revolves around intensive AI processing, an NPU might just be your ideal ally. But for versatile, multi-purpose computing, CPUs remain a powerful choice. As AI continues to redefine what's possible, understanding the strengths of each architecture will be your secret weapon to building scalable, efficient solutions.

Connect with our expert team to learn more about our ready-made hardware solutions and find the perfect fit to help you achieve your goals.

I work for OKdo, please feel free to reach out with any queries about OKdo, our solutions and services.

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